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Children lie.
That is a fact most parents would attest to. They don't
seem to need instruction on lying; they don't need encouragement
to do so. They just do. Children exaggerate, twist the truth,
hide the facts, manufacture stories, and deny the obvious.
Lying ought to concern us. Yet what concerns us most is when
a child lies compulsively. By that we mean that a child lies frequently
or for no apparent reason. Parents subject to compulsive lying
become suspicious and distrustful of their children, and the children
conversely become more unruly and more dishonest. Once the cycle
of lying and distrust is in full swing, it is difficult to find
a single way in which the cycle may be stopped. That is the primary
purpose of this pamphlet: to initiate a process of thinking through
why a child lies, and then find the help necessary in discontinuing
the behaviour.
Lying As An Indicator
Before we consider why children lie,
it is essential to recognize that lying may be an early indicator
of a more severe problem. Compulsive lying has often been indicated
in the early stages of children suffering from social behaviour
disorders, primarily that of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder
and Conduct Disorder. The current space does not permit a detailed
discussion of such disorders. Suffice it to say that in such cases,
compulsive lying usually accompanies other problem behaviours
such as stealing, cheating, aggression, violent temper tantrums,
skipping school, constantly losing items, and poor behaviour in
groups, social settings or with authority figures. Problems such
as impulsivity, an apparent inability to link consequences with
behaviour, inattentiveness and discomfort with social situations
may be at the heart of lying.
In such cases, the immediate intervention of a qualified counsellor
who is able to work with children is required. Such counsellors
would be able to provide parents with specific parenting styles
and a deeper understanding of the problem they face. In addition,
the child will receive age- appropriate psychotherapy, and be
connected with medical specialists providing the necessary services.
Why Are You Lying?
Recognizing that there are "special needs", however,
only allows the parent to seek more help. There are still some
fundamental reasons why children lie compulsively.
1. Fear. Fear is a common motivator for lying.
Consider the child who lies because she fears that her mother
would "blow up" at her, or that dad would take privileges
away, or that the teacher would send her (or her friend) to
the principal's office. Such fear may be rational or irrational,
but the effect of lying is similar - a temporary shelter from
punishment.
What do we do about fear motivated lies? Consider two important
implications. First, children who lie out of
fear usually know that they have done something that is wrong.
This provides an important clue for parents responding to the
lying child. Consider that the child's problem is not in knowing
what is wrong, but in resisting its temptation. Claiming "I've
told you more than a hundred times..." does not help children
deal with the heart of the error or disobedience. It merely
alienates them. Parents have to get beyond the lie, and address
the behaviour that "necessitated" the lie in the first
place.
Second, parents may need to accept that their
children lie because they are afraid of their parents' temperament.
It is not surprising that constantly angry, shouting, rigid
or restrictive parents often encounter compulsively lying children.
Allowing room for negotiation, compromise, listening before
accusing, and keeping your volume down usually helps in paving
the way for more honest communication.
2. Habit. Lying can also become a habit formed
through constant practice. It is possible that a child can "lie
by reflex", and when confronted insist that it is the truth.
Habitual lying is often strengthened by hostile confrontation.
One of the most effective ways of dealing with habitual lying
is to give the child an opportunity to retract the lie without
fear of consequences.
3. Modelling. Lying is a commonplace behaviour,
and children are subject to lies all the time. The problem is
that children learn to lie through experiencing others lie.
The dilemma is that it is impossible to shield children from
lies. One parent who limited her child's friends to those who
did not lie reduced the number of approved companions to just
one, and that under close supervision!
One potent source of modelling, however, is from within the
home. There is an old proverb that says, "What parents
do in moderation, children do in excess." "Moderate"
lying is thought of by many parents as harmless (such as a "white"
lie, or a "harmless excuse") or mistakes (such as
an unkept promise), or even purposeful and calculated distortions
of the truth ("I had to lie because..."). Children,
however, do not appreciate the nuances of a lie. Since it is
difficult for parents to control the lies that children will
encounter outside the home, it is more useful to start eliminating
lies from within the home. Make telling the truth a priority
both in instruction and by example.
4. Overprediction. Children also lie because
they overpredict a reaction. One child said, "I know mom
would say 'no', so I lied." In reality, mom would merely
have asked more questions and given her permission! One of the
most productive ways of addressing overprediction is to provide
a child with clear boundaries, and yet emphasize that these
boundaries are negotiable. Making up the rules as you go along,
and far too many "don'ts" and restrictions can promote
lying behaviour.
Do I Punish Lying?
When we get to the "bottom line", many parents want
to know if they should punish a child for lying, and if so how.
Recall that one of the main motivators of lying is fear. Many
children choose to lie because it seems the lesser of two evils,
and they imagine they could get away with it. In a sense, lying
is punishment-avoidant behaviour. The dilemma regarding punishment
for lying is that the parent may risk reinforcing fear, thus increasing
the likelihood of lying in the future, rather than decreasing
it!
In addition, there is the risk of confounding the message of
the punishment. While the parent is saying, "I'm punishing
you because you lied", the child may be thinking, "You
are punishing me because you found out the truth." For the
child, punishment is not associated with lying but being found
out. The next time around, the child finds new ways to misrepresent
the truth, and the parent is left in a quandary of suspicion and
distrust.
Consider some important issues regarding punishment and lying:
1) Punishment is most effective in limiting habitual
lying (discussed earlier) since punishment is designed to reduce
a learned behaviour. The problem is that punishment is not designed
to teach and reinforce an alternate behaviour. Punishment without
loving and careful instruction is a useless tool, and one that
often leads to excessiveness and abuse.
2) Punishing a lie when it is motivated by fear, modelling
or overprediction tends to be ineffective in the long run. Seek
the deeper motivation for the lie and work at the source rather
than the symptom.
3) Use punishment as the last option, not the first
reaction. Parents are often surprised how soft messages excel
in impact over hard messages. For example, "You really hurt
mom and dad when you lie," is often more effective than,
"I'm really going to hurt you because you lied."
Above all, recognize that the purpose and desire of every parent
is to encourage honesty. That is a characteristic, not just a behaviour.
When all is said and done, we want our children to love the truth,
not to fear it; and to hate lies, not merely the punishment that
lying brings.
Train up
a child in the way he should go, Even when he is old he will not
depart from it.
Proverbs 22:6
Article written by Dr. Timothy
Quek
for more of Dr. Quek's articles click
here.
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